Raphael, National Gallery of Art, The Small Cowper Madonna

Twenty years ago my family spent two consecutive Christmas seasons in Tokyo. Santa Claus was prominent. Christmas trees, like the one in Ebisu below, were exquisitely decorated. Carols were sung, including gorgeous mass choirs of the Messiah (in English). Gifts were exchanged.

It was very familiar and yet vaguely surreal. Christmas was celebrated, but entirely out of context.

Lots of lights, very few stars of Bethlehem. Lots of gifts, very few wise men. Lots of elves in tight green and red leggings, very few shepherds. Much celebrating, little reflecting. There was nothing offensive (to me), much to enjoy, and little to imply the origins of the celebration.

In New York or San Francisco, even Peoria or Omaha, it might not be all that different this Christmas. But being out of context myself, I saw and sensed more than I would at home.

Japan is known as a high-context culture. This suggests Japanese language and custom assume a shared perception of context. From this shared context gesture, expression, even silence, can communicate a meaning not accessible to those unfamiliar with the context.

The United States is categorized as a low-context culture. American sub-cultures may be as context sensitive as the Japanese. But precisely because the United States encompasses so many diverse cultures, perspectives, and settings, our language and custom encourage being explicit. We cannot assume our neighbor recognizes our context.

The Gospel Context

There are two primary sources for Christmas, the gospels of Luke and Matthew. Mark and John are silent on the nativity. (The Koran also tells of Jesus' nativity.)

Luke is probably the more familiar of the two stories. Only twenty-one verses are committed to the narrative: including the census requiring travel to Bethlehem, no room at the inn, a manger, shepherds in the field by night, and an angelic host:

In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world. (This was the first census that took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria.) And everyone went to his own town to register.

So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David, because he belonged to the house and line of David. He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child. While they were there, the time came for the baby to be born, and she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.

And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch over their flocks at night. An angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified. But the angel said to them, "Do not be afraid. I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all the people. Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is Christ the Lord. This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger.

Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God and saying, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men on whom his favor rests."

When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, "Let's go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has told us about."

So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby, who was lying in the manger. When they had seen him, they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child, and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them.

But Mary treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart. The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told.

On the eighth day, when it was time to circumcise him, he was named Jesus, the name the angel had given him before he had been conceived.

Magi and Murders in Matthew's Gospel

The story in Matthew is just a few verses longer, but considerably more dramatic, including a scandalous pregnancy, wise men from the east, royal conspiracy, a narrow escape, and the massacre of children.

This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph her husband was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly.

But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins."

All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: "The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel"—which means, "God with us."

When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel of the Lord had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. But he had no union with her until she gave birth to a son. And he gave him the name Jesus.

After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, "Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him."

When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him. When he had called together all the people's chief priests and teachers of the law, he asked them where the Christ was to be born. "In Bethlehem in Judea," they replied, "for this is what the prophet has written: 'But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you will come a ruler who will be the shepherd of my people Israel.'"

Then Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them the exact time the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem and said, "Go and make a careful search for the child. As soon as you find him, report to me, so that I too may go and worship him."

After they had heard the king, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they were overjoyed. On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to go back to Herod, they returned to their country by another route.

When they had gone, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream. "Get up," he said, "take the child and his mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for the child to kill him." So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called my son."

When Herod realized that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi. Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled:

"A voice is heard in Ramah,
weeping and great mourning,
Rachel weeping for her children
and refusing to be comforted,
because they are no more."

After Herod died, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt and said, "Get up, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for those who were trying to take the child's life are dead."

So he got up, took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel. But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there. Having been warned in a dream, he withdrew to the district of Galilee, and he went and lived in a town called Nazareth. So was fulfilled what was said through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."

Other than the angels' reassurance regarding "good news of great joy" and the magi being "overjoyed" on finding their way, these are not merry accounts; rather the shepherds are terrified, wise men leave as quickly as they come, governing authorities are murderers, and homeless heroes are on the run.

Perhaps the full story explains why so many might prefer their Christmas context-free.

But -- at least for me -- there is considerably more comfort to be found in scripture's embrace of tragic ambivalence than in secular sentimentality. The manic mix of joy and grief resonates with the real world and suggests a path toward reconciliation.

Here's wishing all of us a Christmas in full context.